Tag: surveillance

5 Eyes、9 Eyes 與 14 Eyes

{5,9,14} Eyes 是先前在其他地方看到的詞，後來在「Cutting Google out of your life」這邊在講 Google 的替代方案時又有提到，然後也有解釋：「Global Mass Surveillance - The Fourteen Eyes」。

這邊提到的 Eyes 起因是大多數國家對於監視自己公民都有法律限制，所以藉由與國外的情報單位「合作」，取得對自己國家公民的監視資訊 (即使各國之間有簽訂不監視其他國家公民)，而這邊列出的 {5,9,14} Eyes 就是互相有簽訂合作的國家：

The UKUSA Agreement is an agreement between the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand to cooperatively collect, analyze, and share intelligence. Members of this group, known as the Five Eyes, focus on gathering and analyzing intelligence from different parts of the world. While Five Eyes countries have agreed to not spy on each other as adversaries, leaks by Snowden have revealed that some Five Eyes members monitor each other's citizens and share intelligence to avoid breaking domestic laws that prohibit them from spying on their own citizens. The Five Eyes alliance also cooperates with groups of third-party countries to share intelligence (forming the Nine Eyes and Fourteen Eyes); however, Five Eyes and third-party countries can and do spy on each other.

另外還有「Key Disclosure Law」這段，在講有哪些國家有法律可以強制個人交出金鑰。

回到本來提到的 degoogle 列表，裡面列出了很多替代的服務與軟體，其中服務的部份會列出所在地區是否在 {5,9,14} Eyes 的範圍內，以及發生過的爭議事件。

當作替代方案在看，至少可以把一些足跡從 Google 抽出來...

機器學習與情色產業的問題

Bruce Schneier 提到了最近幾個剛好相關的議題，關於機器學習在情色產業使用時遇到的隱私議題：「Technology to Out Sex Workers」。

第一個提到的是 PornHub 用機器學習辨識演員以及各種「其他資訊」，這邊引用的報導是 TechCrunch 的「PornHub uses computer vision to ID actors, acts in its videos」：

PornHub is using machine learning algorithms to identify actors in different videos, so as to better index them.

The computer vision system can identify specific actors in scenes and even identifies various positions and… attributes.

第二個提到的是花名與真實身份連在一起的問題：

People are worried that it can really identify them, by linking their stage names to their real names.

最後是提到 Facebook 已經有能力這樣做，而且已經發生了：

Facebook somehow managed to link a sex worker's clients under her fake name to her real profile.

Her sex-work identity is not on the social network at all; for it, she uses a different email address, a different phone number, and a different name. Yet earlier this year, looking at Facebook’s “People You May Know” recommendations, Leila (a name I’m using using in place of either of the names she uses) was shocked to see some of her regular sex-work clients.

這個議題與 Mass surveillance 有點像...。

阻擋廣告的攻性防壁 AdNauseam

看到「AdNauseam: Fight back against advertising surveillance」這個專案瞬間想到攻殼裡面「攻性防壁」這個詞 XDDD

改自 uBlock Origin，除了本來的隱藏廣告功能外，還會狂點廣告來亂 XDDD：

AdNauseam is a lightweight browser extension that blends software tool and artware intervention to fight back against tracking by advertising networks. AdNauseam works like an ad-blocker (it is built atop uBlock-Origin) to silently simulate clicks on each blocked ad, confusing trackers as to one's real interests. At the same time, AdNauseam serves as a means of amplifying users' discontent with advertising networks that disregard privacy and facilitate bulk surveillance agendas.

英國通過法案要求 ISP 記錄使用者觀看過的網站

英國前幾天通過了最激烈的隱私侵犯法案，要求 ISP 必須記錄使用者觀看過的網站：「Britain has passed the 'most extreme surveillance law ever passed in a democracy'」：

The law forces UK internet providers to store browsing histories -- including domains visited -- for one year, in case of police investigations.

不愧是 George Orwell 生前的國家，居然先實現了他的理想國... 接下來 Let's Encrypt 與 Tor 的重要性就更高了。

大規模監控會無形壓抑少數意見

前陣子看到的這篇報導，在討論大規模的監控帶來的影響：「Mass surveillance silences minority opinions, according to study」。而 Bruce Schneier 這幾天也提到了這個問題：「Mass Surveillance Silences Minority Opinions」。

原始的論文出自「Under Surveillance: Examining Facebook's Spiral of Silence Effects in the Wake of NSA Internet Monitoring」這邊。

論文作者從 Facebook 上的行為來分析，說明大規模的監控會使得少數意見不敢發聲，對於社會多元性的負面影響。