Amazon EMR 也以秒計費了,回朔切齊 10/2 生效

Amazon EMR 從改成以秒計費了:「Amazon EMR now supports per-second billing」。

Amazon EMR is now billed in one-second increments in all AWS Regions. There is a 1 minute minimum charge per instance in your Amazon EMR cluster, and per-second billing is applicable to clusters that are newly launched or already running. The Amazon EC2 instances in your cluster, including On-Demand, Spot, and Reserved instances, and Amazon EBS volumes attached to these instances are billed in per-second increments effective October 2. Pricing is still listed on a per-hour basis, but bills are now calculated down to the second and show times in decimal form. Please visit the Amazon EMR pricing page for more information on per-second billing.

來看看 RDS 什麼時候要生效... (不過實際的意義不大)

Cloudflare 因為閏秒炸掉...

Cloudflare 這次閏秒炸掉:「How and why the leap second affected Cloudflare DNS」,影響範圍包括了 DNS query 與 HTTP request:

At peak approximately 0.2% of DNS queries to Cloudflare were affected and less than 1% of all HTTP requests to Cloudflare encountered an error.

主要的原因在於 Gotime.Now() 不保證遞增:

RRDNS is written in Go and uses Go’s time.Now() function to get the time. Unfortunately, this function does not guarantee monotonicity. Go currently doesn’t offer a monotonic time source (see issue 12914 for discussion).

修正的方式是針對時間回朔時處理:

In this patch we allowed RRDNS to forget about current upstream performance, and let it normalize again if time skipped backwards.

應該是因為 Cloudflare 這段程式還沒遇過 leap second 造成的...

Google 的 time.google.com

看到這張圖在講不同 server (service) 如何處理今年的 leap second (UTC 的跨年,台灣時間早上八點),出自 leap smear 這邊:

在很早前就有 time.google.com 這個 domain,但是當時 Google 的人有跳出來說明這個服務不是公開服務 (當時),不保證這個服務的正確性與穩定性:「timeX.google.com provide non standard time」。

不過一個月前公佈出來的 Google Public NTP 服務算是把整個系統搞定了。

其中在 Configuring Clients 這邊直接推薦用 iburst 參數,不愧是家大業大的 Google XDDD:

When the server is unreachable and at each poll interval, send a burst of eight packets instead of the usual one. As long as the server is unreachable, the spacing between packets is about 16s to allow a modem call to complete. Once the server is reachable, the spacing between packets is about 2s. This is designed to speed the initial synchronization acquisition with the server command and s addresses and when ntpd is started with the -q option.

回到原來的 leap smear 的比較圖,可以看出 Google 對 leap second 的解法是往前十二小時與往後十二小時各拉緩衝時間來避開,有些是沒在管,另外有些有種來亂的感覺 XDDD

Twitter 還真的玩 140 秒的規格啊...

前幾天 gjtaiwan 的這則 tweet,看到的時候本來只是笑一笑而已:

結果剛剛看到「Twitter and Vine now support videos up to 140-seconds long」,雖然不是 SoundCloud,但還真的 140 秒啊... @_@

AWS 處理這次的 Leap Second...

2015/06/30 到 2015/07/01 會有 Leap Second (閏秒),而這次 AWS 處理的方法也公告出來了:「Look Before You Leap – The Coming Leap Second and AWS」。

EC2 由於每個 instance 有自己的 clock,所以需要自己實作:如果對閏秒不會有問題的系統就放著,而對閏秒敏感的系統可以自己跑 ntpd 之類的程式校正。

而其他 AWS 的系統會用 24 個小時攤平多出來的閏秒,從 2015/06/30 的中午 12:00:00 開始,到 2015/07/01 的中午 12:00:00 結束 (都是 UTC):

也就是說不會出現 23:59:60 這種時間,而在這 24 小時調整區間內的誤差最多 0.5 秒。