PostgreSQL 上對應 pt-online-schema-change 的工具 pg-osc

翻資料的時候翻到「pg-osc: Zero downtime schema changes in PostgreSQL」這篇文章,可以在 PostgreSQL 上做到類似 pt-online-schema-change 的事情,這邊先提一下 pt-online-schema-change 的說明:

ALTER tables without locking them.

不管是 MySQL 還是 PostgreSQL,都會遇到 ALTER TABLE 常常會 lock 的問題,這點主要的影響就是 db migration。

在 dev 環境的機器應該沒什麼問題,資料量都不大,應該是很快就可以跑完;但在 stage 環境時就會開始有狀況了 (假設是從 production 複製過來的資料,表格的大小可能偏大),但應該還是可以用 downtime 換,慢慢跑,花幾個小時把 db migration 跑完。

可是到了 production 環境時就不太能這樣搞了,這也是一般不太建議在 production 環境裡用現成的 db migration 工具,尤其當資料量偏大的時候。

解這個問題的方法就是透過繞路的方式,不要直接動原來的 table:基本的想法是開一個新的 table,然後一直從舊的 table 搬資料到新的 table 上 (包括應用程式下指令寫到舊的 table 上的資料),直到最後用一個短暫的 lock 機制來切換 table。

在 MySQL 的世界裡比較有名的是 Percona 的 pt-online-schema-change (trigger-based) 以及 GitHubgh-ost (replication-based),另外找資料的時候有發現 Facebook 也有丟 OnlineSchemaChange (trigger-based) 出來。

在 PostgreSQL 的世界裡似乎是 pg_repack 這個方案,用了 trigger-based 的方式處理,但之前沒有注意到,是翻 pg-osc 的時候被提到才知道有這個工具。

而這次提到的 pg-osc 則是 2022 年才出的軟體,也是 trigger-based 的方式:

pg-osc uses the concept of shadow tables to perform schema changes. At a high level, it creates a shadow table that looks structurally the same as the primary table, performs the schema change on the shadow table (avoiding any locks since nothing is using this table), copies contents from the primary table to the shadow table and swaps the table names in the end while preserving all changes to the primary table using triggers (via audit table).

另外從 PostgreSQL 的 wiki 上看到「Change management tools and techniques」這頁,裡面看到「Metagration: Logical PostgreSQL Migration」這個工具,看起來好像是 replication-based 的方案,不過還是有用到一些 trigger 做事。

這些方案都先記錄起來好了...

MySQL InnoDB 的 OPTIMIZE TABLE 的 Lock

Backend Twhttps://www.facebook.com/groups/616369245163622/posts/2467225396744655/ 這邊看到:

先大概回答一下假設,DELETE 後的空間是可以被同一個表格重複使用的,所以應該是還好,不過離峰時間跑一下 OPTIMIZE TABLE 也沒什麼關係就是了。

裡面提到的「13.7.2.4 OPTIMIZE TABLE Statement」(MySQL 5.7 文件) 以及「13.7.2.4 OPTIMIZE TABLE Statement」(MySQL 5.6 文件) 都有講到目前比較新的版本都已經是 Online DDL 了:(這邊抓 5.6 的文件,有支援的版本資訊)

Prior to Mysql 5.6.17, OPTIMIZE TABLE does not use online DDL. Consequently, concurrent DML (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) is not permitted on a table while OPTIMIZE TABLE is running, and secondary indexes are not created as efficiently.

As of MySQL 5.6.17, OPTIMIZE TABLE uses online DDL for regular and partitioned InnoDB tables, which reduces downtime for concurrent DML operations. The table rebuild triggered by OPTIMIZE TABLE is completed in place. An exclusive table lock is only taken briefly during the prepare phase and the commit phase of the operation. During the prepare phase, metadata is updated and an intermediate table is created. During the commit phase, table metadata changes are committed.

文件上有提到會有一小段 lock 的時間,不過一般來說應該不會造成太大問題。

這邊要講的是早期的經典工具 pt-online-schema-change (pt-osc),這是使用 TRIGGER-based 的方式在跑,他的範例就直接提供了一個不需要 Online DDL 支援的版本:

Change sakila.actor to InnoDB, effectively performing OPTIMIZE TABLE in a non-blocking fashion because it is already an InnoDB table:

pt-online-schema-change --alter "ENGINE=InnoDB" D=sakila,t=actor

這在早期的時候還蠻常被拿出來用的,如果還在維護一些舊系統的話還蠻推薦的...

Eventbrite 的 MySQL 升級計畫

在 2021 年看到 EventbiteMySQL 升級計畫:「MySQL High Availability at Eventbrite」。

看起來是 2019 年年初的時候 MySQL 5.1 出問題,後續決定安排升級,在 2019 年年中把系統升級到 MySQL 5.7 (Percona Server 版本):

Our first major hurdle was to get current with our version of MySQL. In July, 2019 we completed the MySQL 5.1 to MySQL 5.7 (v5.7.19-17-log Percona Server to be precise) upgrade across all MySQL instances.

然後看起來是直接在 EC2 上跑,不過這邊提到的空間問題就不太確定了,是真的把 EBS 的空間上限用完嗎?比較常使用的 gp2gp3 上限都是 16TB,不確定是不是真的用到接近爆掉了:

Not only was support for MySQL 5.1 at End-of-Life (more than 5 years ago) but our MySQL 5.1 instances on EC2/AWS had limited storage and we were scheduled to run out of space at the end of July. Our backs were up against the wall and we had to deliver!

另外在升級到 5.7 的時候,順便把本來是 INT 的 primary key 都換成 BIGINT

As part of the cut-over to MySQL 5.7, we also took the opportunity to bake in a number of improvements. We converted all primary key columns from INT to BIGINT to prevent hitting MAX value.

然後系統因為舊版的 Django 沒辦法配合 MySQL 5.7,得升級到 Django 1.6 (要注意 Django 1 系列的最新版是 1.11,看起來光是升級到 1.6 勉強會動就升不上去了?):

In parallel with the MySQL 5.7 upgrade we also Upgraded Django to 1.6 due a behavioral change in MySQL 5.7 related to how transactions/commits were handled for SELECT statements. This behavior change was resulting in errors with older version of Python/Django running on MySQL 5.7

然後採用了 GitHub 家研發的 gh-ost 當作改變 schema 的工具:

In December 2019, the Eventbrite DBRE successfully implemented a table ALTER via gh-ost on one of our larger MySQL tables.

看起來主要的原因是有遇到 pt-online-schema-change 的限制 (在「GitHub 發展出來的 ALTER TABLE 方式」這邊有提到):

Eventbrite had traditionally used pt-online-schema-change (pt-osc) to ALTER MySQL tables in production. pt-osc uses MySQL triggers to move data from the original to the “duplicate” table which is a very expensive operation and can cause replication lag. Matter of fact, it had directly resulted in several outages in H1 of 2019 due to replication lag or breakage.

另外一個引入的技術是 Orchestrator,看起來是先跟 HAProxy 搭配,不過他們打算要再換到 ProxySQL

Next on the list was implementing improvements to MySQL high availability and automatic failover using Orchestrator. In February of 2020 we implemented a new HAProxy layer in front of all DB clusters and we released Orchestrator to production!

Orchestrator can successfully detect the primary failure and promote a new primary. The goal was to implement Orchestrator with HAProxy first and then eventually move to Orchestrator with ProxySQL.

然後最後題到了 Square 研發的 Shift,把 gh-ost 包裝起來變成有個 web UI 可以操作:

2021 還可以看到這類文章還蠻有趣的...