PostgreSQL 的 Amazon RDS Database Preview Environment

AWS 推出了 PostgreSQL 試爆場讓大家測試 XDDD:「Amazon RDS Database Preview Environment is now available」。

可以測還沒有正式 release 的版本:

The Amazon RDS Database Preview Environment is now available, offering an environment for customers to easily test beta, release candidate, and early production versions of PostgreSQL database engine software with the convenience and flexibility of Amazon RDS.

這個產品定位有點奇怪...

Percona 宣佈提供 PostgreSQL Support...

有點意外的,Percona 宣佈提供 PostgreSQL Support:「Percona Expands Services Offerings with PostgreSQL Support」。看起來是建出熟 PostgreSQL 的團隊來做生意了...

之後應該會在他們站上開始看到與 PostgreSQL 相關的文章了;另外一方面,對於付錢買 Percona 服務的人來說,可以跟同一個廠商通包所有的服務 (從 MySQLMariaDBPercona Server 這三個 MySQL 系列的資料庫,到 MongoDB,然後是昨天推出的 PostgreSQL):

As a result, organizations can, for the first time, work with a single trusted vendor to meet their support needs for MySQL, MongoDB, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, or any hybrid combination of these database technologies, whether deployed on-premises, in the cloud, or in a Database as a Service (DBaaS) environment.

然後也許有機會看到 Percona 客製的 PostgreSQL?

Amazon RDS 宣佈支援 PostgreSQL 10

Amazon RDS 宣佈支援 PostgreSQL 10 了:「PostgreSQL 10 now Supported in Amazon RDS」。而且 AWS 這次推出的還包括了 10.1 的 patch:

As of version 10, PostgreSQL no longer uses three-part version numbers, and is shifting to two-part version numbers. This release includes all patches from the PostgreSQL 10.1 minor version.

10 的第一個版本是去年十月初 (在「PostgreSQL 10 Released」這邊可以看到),10.1 是去年十一月初 (在「PostgreSQL 10.1, 9.6.6, 9.5.10, 9.4.15, 9.3.20, and 9.2.24 released!」),現在二月底,所以延遲大約是三個多月的時間...

10.2 是二月初,不知道會多久...

用 Percona Monitoring and Management (PMM) 蒐集 PostgreSQL 的數據

難得在 Percona 的 blog 上看到專門談 PostgreSQL 的文章:「Collect PostgreSQL Metrics with Percona Monitoring and Management (PMM)」。

其實是透過 Prometheus 疊出來的:

Starting from PMM 1.4.0. it’s possible to add monitoring for any service supported by Prometheus.

在步驟也可以看到:

3. In the next dialog, choose Prometheus as a data source and continue.

這方法有點奇怪就是了,但反正會動比較重要?XD

AWS Tokyo 也有 Amazon Aurora (PostgreSQL) 可以用了

剛剛翻到 AWS 宣佈 Amazon Aurora (PostgreSQL) 在東京開放使用了:「Amazon Aurora with PostgreSQL Compatibility is Available in the Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region」。

The PostgreSQL-compatible edition of Amazon Aurora is now available in 10 regions. With the addition of the AWS Asia Pacific (Tokyo) region, you have a new option for database placement, availability, and scalability.

不過 Region Table 裡面還沒更新,亞洲區裡面的東京還沒勾起來,應該過幾天就會更新了...

EnterpriseDB 打算推出的 zheap,想要解 VACUUM 問題...

前天被問到「DO or UNDO - there is no VACUUM」這篇,回家後仔細看一看再翻了一些資料,看起來是要往 InnoDB 的解法靠...

PostgreSQL 與 InnoDB 都是透過 MVCC 的概念實做 transaction 之間的互動,但兩者實際的作法不太一樣。其中帶來一個明顯的差異就是 PostgreSQL 需要 VACUUM。這點在同一篇作者八年前 (2011) 的文章就有提過兩者的差異以及優缺點:「MySQL vs. PostgreSQL, Part 2: VACUUM vs. Purge」。

UPDATE 時,InnoDB 會把新資料寫到表格內,然後把可能會被 rollback 的舊資料放到表格外:

In InnoDB, only the most recent version of an updated row is retained in the table itself. Old versions of updated rows are moved to the rollback segment, while deleted row versions are left in place and marked for future cleanup. Thus, purge must get rid of any deleted rows from the table itself, and clear out any old versions of updated rows from the rollback segment.

而被 DELETE 清除的資料則是由 purge thread 處理:

All the information necessary to find the deleted records that might need to be purged is also written to the rollback segment, so it's quite easy to find the rows that need to be cleaned out; and the old versions of the updated records are all in the rollback segment itself, so those are easy to find, too.

所以可以在 InnoDB 看到 purge thread 相關的設定:「MySQL :: MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual :: 14.6.11 Configuring InnoDB Purge Scheduling」,負責處理這些東西。

而在 PostgreSQL 的作法則是反過來,舊的資料放在原來地方,新資料另外存:

PostgreSQL takes a completely different approach. There is no rollback tablespace, or anything similar. When a row is updated, the old version is left in place; the new version is simply written into the table along with it.

新舊資料的位置其實還好,主要是因為沒有類似的地方可以記錄哪些要清:

Lacking a centralized record of what must be purged, PostgreSQL's VACUUM has historically needed to scan the entire table to look for records that might require cleanup.

這也使得 PostgreSQL 裡需要 autovacuum 之類的程序去掃,或是手動跑 vacuum。而在去年 (2017) 的文章裡也有提到目前還是類似的情況:「MVCC and VACUUM」。

而在今年 (2018) 的文章裡,EnterpriseDB 就提出了 zheap 的想法,在 UPDATE 時寫到 table 裡,把可能被 rollback 的資料放到 undo log 裡。其實就是把 InnoDB 那套方法拿過來用,只是整篇都沒提到而已 XD:

That brings me to the design which EnterpriseDB is proposing. We are working to build a new table storage format for PostgreSQL, which we’re calling zheap. In a zheap, whenever possible, we handle an UPDATE by moving the old row version to an undo log, and putting the new row version in the place previously occupied by the old one. If the transaction aborts, we retrieve the old row version from undo and put it back in the original location; if a concurrent transaction needs to see the old row version, it can find it in undo. Of course, this doesn’t work when the block is full and the row is getting wider, and there are some other problem cases as well, but it covers many useful cases. In the typical case, therefore, even bulk updates do not force a zheap to grow. Instead, the undo grows. When a transaction commits, all row versions that will become dead are in the undo, not the zheap.

不過馬上就會想到問題,如果要改善問題,不是個找地方記錄哪些位置要回收就好了嗎?順便改變方法是為了避免 fragment 嗎?

等著看之後變成什麼樣子吧...

Amazon Aurora (PostgreSQL) 也支援 Read Replica 了

Amazon Aurora (PostgreSQL) 支援 Read Replica 了:「Announcing Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL Read Replica for Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL」。

馬上想到的用途是量爆增時,如果當初有作 R/W split (讀寫分離) 就可以直接用錢撐住,不過官方給的範例是降低 RDS 轉移到 Aurora 的 downtime,這點就有點微妙...:

You can now create an Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL read replica for an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL instance, allowing you to continuously replicate to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL. This helps you minimize downtime when migrating a live workload from Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL, by keeping the instances in sync until you're ready to move your applications and users to Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL.

所以這次算是陸陸續續把功能補上來,在 Amazon Aurora (MySQL) 有的一般性功能,這邊就跟著先實作...

Amazon RDS 支援更大的硬碟空間與更多的 IOPS

Amazon RDS 的升級:「Amazon RDS Now Supports Database Storage Size up to 16TB and Faster Scaling for MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, and PostgreSQL Engines」。

空間上限從 6TB 變成 16TB,而且可以無痛升。另外 IOPS 上限從 30K 變成 40K:

Starting today, you can create Amazon RDS database instances for MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, and PostgreSQL database engines with up to 16TB of storage. Existing database instances can also be scaled up to 16TB storage without any downtime.

The new storage limit is an increase from 6TB and is supported for Provisioned IOPS and General Purpose SSD storage types. You can also provision up to 40,000 IOPS for Provisioned IOPS storage volumes, an increase from 30,000 IOPS.

不過隔壁的 Amazon Aurora 還是大很多啊 (64TB),而且實際上不用管劃多大,他會自己長大:

Q: What are the minimum and maximum storage limits of an Amazon Aurora database?

The minimum storage is 10GB. Based on your database usage, your Amazon Aurora storage will automatically grow, up to 64 TB, in 10GB increments with no impact to database performance. There is no need to provision storage in advance.

Amazon Aurora (PostgreSQL 版本) 開放到其他區域了

上個月月底才宣佈 Amazon Aurora 推出 PostgreSQL 版本 (參考「Amazon Aurora 也支援 PostgreSQL 了」),不過當時只有少數的四個區域開放 (us-east-1us-east-2us-west-2eu-west-1),還不到一個月的時間就擴張了:「Amazon Aurora with PostgreSQL Compatibility Region Expansion」。

不過還是沒有東京與新加坡這兩個台灣比較常用的區域... 看起來都是比較新的 region,但首爾應該也是新的區域啊,不知道怎麼選擇的:

The PostgreSQL-compatible edition of Amazon Aurora is now available in four additional AWS regions: Canada (Central), EU (Frankfurt), Asia Pacific (Sydney), and Asia Pacific (Mumbai). This increases the number of available regions to eight, as the service launched on October 24, 2017 in US East (N. Virginia), US East (Ohio), US West (Oregon), and EU (Ireland).