MP3 專利全數過期

看到有人提到,查了維基百科上面的 MP3 條目,看起來在 4/16 就全部都過期了:

The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there by 2012 at the latest. In the United States, the technology became substantially patent-free on 16 April 2017 (see below).

If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure, then the MP3 technology became patent-free in the United States on 16 April 2017 when U.S. Patent 6,009,399, held by and administered by Technicolor, expired.

The three exceptions are: U.S. Patent 5,878,080, expired February 2017; U.S. Patent 5,850,456, expired February 2017; and U.S. Patent 5,960,037, expired 9 April 2017.

算是可喜可賀?

Google 自動駕駛車保護行人而申請的專利

在「Google patent: Glue would stick pedestrian to self-driving car after collision」這邊看到因為自動駕駛車的發明才有可能做到的專利。

一般的情況下,在汽車撞到行人後,駕駛會急忙停下來,而可能會導致後方車輛的追撞,而且可能會導致行人直接飛出去造成更多的傷害。這個專利規劃在車輛前端使用特殊的黏性膠,再透過減速讓行人黏在上面停下來:

The front region of the vehicle may be coated with a specialized adhesive that adheres to a pedestrian, and thus holds the pedestrian on the vehicle in the unfortunate event that the front of the vehicle comes into contact with the pedestrian,

The adhesion of the pedestrian to the vehicle may prevent the pedestrian from bouncing off.

專利的示意圖:

VENUE Act 對專利蟑螂的反擊

EFF 的「We Can't Keep Waiting: Pass the VENUE Act This Year」這篇寫的還蠻清楚的,VENUE Act (S. 2733) 是一個看起來頗有效的 workaround,先上這個 workaround 降低專利蟑螂的攻勢。

專利蟑螂 (通常是原告) 可以選擇任意一個聯邦法庭提出控告:

As the law stands now, patent owners have almost complete control over which federal district to file a case in. That’s a major problem.

而專利蟑螂會挑選對原告最有利的地區來提出控告,也就是美國德克薩斯東區聯邦地區法院 (U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas),這對被告方很不利:

According to the Mercatus Center and George Mason University, nearly half of all patent cases are filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. That’s more than 70 times the average number of patent cases heard in other federal judicial districts.

Respected academics have identified evidence that procedures in the Eastern District of Texas unnecessarily favor plaintiffs and impose significant, unnecessary costs on companies and individuals accused of infringement, however questionable the patents and demands may be.

而 VENUE Act 則是拔掉這個武器,必須在與被告相關的主要地區提告。

密碼系統的 Monoculture

這篇文章講到最近密碼系統的現象:「On the Impending Crypto Monoculture」。

目前常在用的密碼系統包括了 RSA、DH、ECDH、ECDSA、SHA-2、AES 這些演算法,而最近這幾年大家在推廣使用的演算法都出自於同一個人手裡,Dan Bernstein,也就是 djb:

A major feature of these changes includes the dropping of traditional encryption algorithms and mechanisms like RSA, DH, ECDH/ECDSA, SHA-2, and AES, for a completely different set of mechanisms, including Curve25519 (designed by Dan Bernstein et al), EdDSA (Bernstein and colleagues), Poly1305 (Bernstein again) and ChaCha20 (by, you guessed it, Bernstein).

這些演算法或是定義,包括了 Curve25519、EdDSA、Poly1305、ChaCha20。而這篇文章試著說明造成這樣情況的背景以及原因,以及這樣會導致什麼問題。

當實際分析時會發現,檯面上沒幾個能用的演算法,而看起來能用的那幾個又有專利 (像是 OCB),不然就是看起來被 NSA 放了一些說明不了的參數 (像是 P-256 Curve)。

然後 djb 弄出來的演算法不只看起來乾淨許多,也直接用數學模型證明安全性。而且他的實作也很理論派,像是還蠻堅持要做到 constant time implementation 以避開各種 side channel attack。

就... 理論很強,又很實戰派的一個人啊,檯面上真的沒幾隻可以打的贏啊 XD

印度對軟體專利的限制

印度對軟體專利加以限制:「No patent if invention lies only in computer program, says Indian Patent Office」,新的規定規範了如果是程式內所跑出來的創新 (invention),那麼就不可以被專利化:

The new guideline says that if the contribution of the invention lies only in computer program, the examiner should deny the patent claim.

基於程式本身不可專利,那麼完全由程式所產生出來的創新也不應該有專利權:

"The computer program in itself is never patentable. If the contribution lies solely in the computer program, deny the claim. If the contribution lies in both the computer program as well as hardware, proceed to other steps of patentability," it added.

Cisco 開發新的 Video Codec:Thor

Cisco 開發新的 Video Codec 與 HEVC (H.265) 競爭,專案名稱叫做 Thor:「World, Meet Thor – a Project to Hammer Out a Royalty Free Video Codec」。

沒什麼意外,專利問題是主要的原因:

Unfortunately, the patent licensing situation for H.265 has recently taken a turn for the worse. Two distinct patent licensing pools have formed so far, and many license holders are not represented in either. There is just one license pool for H.264. The total costs to license H.265 from these two pools is up to sixteen times more expensive than H.264, per unit. H.264 had an upper bound on yearly licensing costs, whereas H.265 has no such upper limit.

不過一開頭寫到 VP9 是 proprietary 的描述讓人很不解:

There are two of note – Google’s proprietary VP9 codec, and the industry standard H.265 (HEVC) codec, which is the successor to H.264 (AVC).

往下拉 comment 看果然就有人提出來:

How exactly is VP9 more "proprietary" than Thor? Both are open sourced under BSD license, both are royalty free, both are intended to be unencumbered by patents. Are you defining "proprietary" as "not controlled by Cisco"?

不知道在搞什麼鬼...

Facebook 更新在 Open Source 軟體裡的專利授權條款

Facebook 的 Open Source 專案一般都採用 BSD licenses 放出,而由於 BSD licenses 並沒有專利授權,所以 Facebook 自己附帶專利授權條款讓使用者不用擔心在使用時侵犯到 Facebook 的專利。

而前陣子這個條款更新了:「Updating Our Open Source Patent Grant」,範例可以參考 osquery 裡的檔案:舊版的可以參考「PATENTS」這裡,而新版的可以參考「PATENTS」這裡,差異可以看「Update patent grant」這個 commit。

不過看起來還是不怎麼友善...

想要取代 JPEG 的 BPG (Better Portable Graphics)

雖然是有點久的消息了,但還是拿出來講:「BPG Image format」。

在「BPG Image Comparison」這頁可以直接看到一些比較,在「BPG/JPEG comparison on the Lena picture」可以看到經典的萊娜圖比較。

很明顯 BPG 比 JPEG 好很多,而又比 WebP 更上一層樓。但是看到這個部份就皺眉了:

Based on a subset of the HEVC open video compression standard.

最後面也有提到 HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) 的專利問題:

Some of the HEVC algorithms may be protected by patents in some countries (read the FFmpeg Patent Mini-FAQ for more information). Most devices already include or will include hardware HEVC support, so we suggest to use it if patents are an issue.

繼續觀望下去 :o

GNU GPLv2 的判例

OSNews 上看到 GNU GPLv2 在美國的判例:「The GNU GPL to be tested in court」。

引用的報導在「GPLv2 goes to court: More decisions from the Versata tarpit」這篇,裡面有幾個角色:

  • Ximpleware:撰寫了一套 XML parser,同時以 GPLv2 與商用版權釋出。
  • Versata:在自家產品 DCM software 使用了 Ximpleware 的 XML parser,依照後面的訴訟,看起來是沒有付錢買商用版本。而 DCM software 裡面沒有引用 GPLv2 條款,同時也當然沒有公開程式碼。
  • Ameriprise:付錢給 Versata 購買 DCM software 使用權的公司,另外取得 Versata 的授權,可以找外包商修改 Versata 的 DCM software。
  • Infosys:Ameriprise 的外包商。

起因在於 Versata 不爽 Infosys 拿他們的軟體開發同性質的軟體,結果告下去後這件事情牽扯到 GPLv2 的授權問題。

然後 Ximpleware 也跳出來告了所有人,還因為專利關係,告了 Versata 的其他客戶。

問題分成兩塊討論,一塊是 copyright,另外一塊是 patent。看了一下文章的說明,案子似乎還沒結束,但已經有些結論出來了。

在 copyright 的部份,法院要求明年二月底前必須上 patch 修正問題。也就是 GPLv2 的感染力是有效的,如果你不打算服從就要賠錢,然後把 GPLv2 程式碼拔乾淨。

而 patent 的部份有點複雜啊... Ximpleware 的控訴都不成立,不過理由沒有看懂 @_@

等有更多時間再來看其他的說明研究...

Firefox 33 的 OpenH264

Slashdot 上看到的,Firefox 33 將當初 Cisco 所提供的 OpenH264 binary 給納進來了:「Firefox 33 Integrates Cisco's OpenH264」。

這樣一來,主流的瀏覽器都 (將會) 支援 H.264,可以參考「Can I use the MPEG-4/H.264 video format?」這邊的資料。