幹壞事是進步最大的原動力
在 Hacker News Daily 上看到蘋果的「Apple Edge Cache」這個服務，看起來就是個自家的 CDN 方案。
網路要求最低要能夠 peak 到 25Gbps 不算低，不過以蘋果的用量來說應該不算是高估：
Minimum 25 Gb/s peak traffic across all Apple traffic.
各家 ISP 應該都會考慮，畢竟 iPhone 與 iPad 的數量可不是假的，所以目前在台灣測到的點都是台灣的機房 (看 ping latency)...
另外一個有趣的事情是 SSL 的部份，從 SSL Labs 的資料可以看到一些有趣的東西：「SSL Report: cache.edge.apple (17.253.119.201)」。
一個是蘋果跟 GeoTrust 買了 Intermediate CA 再簽自己的 AEC 服務，另外一個是同時有 RSA 2048 bits 與 EC 256 bits 的 key，然後是支援 TLS 1.3 了。
跟其他內容業者的玩法類似，像是 Netflix 的 Open Connect。
Google Chrome 前陣子整理了一份對 Symantec 憑證的不信任計畫：「Chrome’s Plan to Distrust Symantec Certificates」。
這包括了一卡車的品牌，像是 Thawte、VeriSign、GeoTrust、RapidSSL，不過 Equifax 跟 Symantec 的關係我沒查到...：
Symantec’s PKI business, which operates a series of Certificate Authorities under various brand names, including Thawte, VeriSign, Equifax, GeoTrust, and RapidSSL, had issued numerous certificates that did not comply with the industry-developed CA/Browser Forum Baseline Requirements.
反正整個計畫會在 Google Chrome 70 推出時告一段落 (變成完全不信任)，會是 2018/09/13 (預定時間) 與 2018/10/23 (預定時間) 在 beta channel 與 stable channel 上推出。
中間比較重要的時間點是 2018/03/15 (預定時間) 與 2018/04/17 (預定時間)，Google Chrome 66 在 beta channel 與 stable channel 上推出，這個版本不會信任 2016/06/01 前發出的憑證：
Chrome 66 released to beta, which will remove trust in Symantec-issued certificates with a not-before date prior to June 1, 2016. As of this date Site Operators must be using either a Symantec-issued TLS server certificate issued on or after June 1, 2016 or a currently valid certificate issued from any other trusted CA as of Chrome 66.
Site Operators that obtained a certificate from Symantec’s old infrastructure after June 1, 2016 are unaffected by Chrome 66 but will need to obtain a new certificate by the Chrome 70 dates described below.
整個計畫的時間軸清楚多了...
tl;dr：目前的外部稽核還沒有完成，有可能會有更慘烈的情況。如果你最近要買 SSL certificate，不要碰 Symantec 旗下的產品，包括了 Verisign、Thawte、GeoTrust、Equifax (GeoTrust 下)、RapidSSL。
在「Symantec 的 Thawte 發出 Google 的 SSL certificate 的後續」這邊有提到先前 Google 抓到 Symantec 發出 Google 憑證的問題，後續稽核時發現更多問題...
Google 在「Sustaining Digital Certificate Security」這篇提到了幾件事情。首先是基於 Symantec 第一版的稽核報告，發現有 23 個 SSL certificate 在 domain owner 沒有被通知的情況下被簽名，這包括了 Google 與 Opera 的五個單位：
Following our notification, Symantec published a report in response to our inquiries and disclosed that 23 test certificates had been issued without the domain owner’s knowledge covering five organizations, including Google and Opera.
但 Google 光是透過 Certificate Transparency 認為問題不僅於此 (於是認為 Symantec 的稽核不確實)，通報了其他主要的 Root Certificate 管理單位：
However, we were still able to find several more questionable certificates using only the Certificate Transparency logs and a few minutes of work. We shared these results with other root store operators on October 6th, to allow them to independently assess and verify our research.
而 Symantec 再次稽核，這次就大爆炸，光是他們查出來的就有 164 個 SSL certificate 橫跨 76 個網域被簽出，並且有 2458 的不存在的 domain 被簽出：
Symantec performed another audit and, on October 12th, announced that they had found an additional 164 certificates over 76 domains and 2,458 certificates issued for domains that were never registered.
Symantec 這次提供的報告包括了比較完整的資料，爆發的品牌包括了 Symantec 所有的產品：Verisign、Thawte、GeoTrust、Equifax (GeoTrust 下) 以及 RapidSSL。
要不是 Symantec 的市占率高到爆炸，Google 大概就像 CNNIC 那樣直接拔掉了。(參考「CNNIC 的根憑證 (包括 EV) 從 Google 全系列產品移除」，市占率的部份可以參考「Usage of SSL certificate authorities for websites」這邊的資料，目前看到是 29.9% 第二高，僅次於 Comodo 的 39.1%)
由於沒辦法砍，所以 Google 直接下了幾個通牒，第一個是從 2016 六月開始所有簽出的 SSL certificate 都必須發紀錄到 Certificate Transparency (目前規範中只有 EV SSL certificate 有要求)，否則之後的簽出的 SSL certificate 不保證會動：
It’s obviously concerning that a CA would have such a long-running issue and that they would be unable to assess its scope after being alerted to it and conducting an audit. Therefore we are firstly going to require that as of June 1st, 2016, all certificates issued by Symantec itself will be required to support Certificate Transparency. In this case, logging of non-EV certificates would have provided significantly greater insight into the problem and may have allowed the problem to be detected sooner.
After this date, certificates newly issued by Symantec that do not conform to the Chromium Certificate Transparency policy may result in interstitials or other problems when used in Google products.
再來是對報告要求補上為什麼稽核機制沒有偵測到，以及「每一次」為什麼沒有按照 Baseline Requirements (一般 SSL certificate 的規範) 以及 EV Guidelines (EV SSL Certificate 的規範) 的詳細資訊：
More immediately, we are requesting of Symantec that they further update their public incident report with:
- A post-mortem analysis that details why they did not detect the additional certificates that we found.
- Details of each of the failures to uphold the relevant Baseline Requirements and EV Guidelines and what they believe the individual root cause was for each failure.
同時要求第三方稽核確認這次事件，而僅非 Symantec 自己稽核：
Following the implementation of these corrective steps, we expect Symantec to undergo a Point-in-time Readiness Assessment and a third-party security audit.
而且也清楚要求第三方稽核確認包括：簽的 public key 沒有任何時間點可以被 Symantec 員工取得 private key、Symantec 員工無法使用該項測試工具簽自己擁有 private key 的 SSL certificate、再次確認 Symantec 的稽核紀錄是無法被更改與刪除的。
The third-party security audit must assess:
- The veracity of Symantec’s claims that at no time private keys were exposed to Symantec employees by the tool.
- That Symantec employees could not use the tool in question to obtain certificates for which the employee controlled the private key.
- That Symantec’s audit logging mechanism is reasonably protected from modification, deletion, or tampering, as described in Section 5.4.4 of their CPS.
最後還特地放話說，有新的消息時會再考慮更進一步的反擊：
We may take further action as additional information becomes available to us.
可以發現語氣非常硬，要不是 Symantec 的市占率這麼高，Google 大概也不會這麼費工...
Symantec 提供的報告可以在「Test Certificates Incident Final Report」、「Incident Report 1」、「Incident Report 2」取得。
Google Online Security Blog 上公佈了一篇他們最近的發現，並且發佈 Google Chrome 的安全性更新：「Improved Digital Certificate Security」。
原因出自於 Thawte (Symantec) 發出 www.google.com 的 EV SSL certificate：
On September 14, around 19:20 GMT, Symantec’s Thawte-branded CA issued an Extended Validation (EV) pre-certificate for the domains google.com and www.google.com. This pre-certificate was neither requested nor authorized by Google.
Google 在 Certificate Transparency 上發現：
We discovered this issuance via Certificate Transparency logs, which Chrome has required for EV certificates starting January 1st of this year. The issuance of this pre-certificate was recorded in both Google-operated and DigiCert-operated logs.
對應的 certificate 紀錄可以在「crt.sh | 9314698」這邊看到，包括了 public key 資訊。
然後 Google 跟 Symantec 確認後認定是內部測試造成的 (...)：
During our ongoing discussions with Symantec we determined that the issuance occurred during a Symantec-internal testing process.
並且發出安全性更新把這把 key 放到 Google Chrome 的 revocation metadata 裡：
We have updated Chrome’s revocation metadata to include the public key of the misissued certificate. Additionally, the issued pre-certificate was valid only for one day.
一天的內部測試嗎？我怎麼覺得更像是 APT 攻擊？
最後補充一下，在 Google Chrome 裡面 *.google.com 的網段的 SSL certificate 是被特別保護的，可以參考「transport_security_state_static.json」這邊的 JSON 資料，裡面可以看到這幾段：
{
"name": "google",
"static_spki_hashes": [
"GoogleBackup2048",
"GoogleG2",
"GeoTrustGlobal"
],
"report_uri": "http://clients3.google.com/cert_upload_json"
},
以及：
// (*.)google.com, iff using SSL, must use an acceptable certificate.
{ "name": "google.com", "include_subdomains": true, "pins": "google" },
也就是只有 Google 自己的 CA 與 GeoTrust 的 CA 是被允許發出 www.google.com 的 SSL certificate (至少在 Google Chrome 裡面會被保護到)。而 GeoTrust 也是 Symantec 的牌子。
如果讓我以陰謀論的角度來猜，這更像是在測試有會有哪些管道通報會讓 Google 發現。