美國政府 NLRB 給出競業及禁止挖角條款違法的判決

在「NLRB judge declares non-compete clause is an unfair labor practice (nlrbedge.com)」這邊看到的,原始文章是:「In First Case of its Kind, NLRB Judge Declares Non-Compete Clause Is an Unfair Labor Practice」。

NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) 這次是針對 J.O. Mory 的判決,原始判決本來想連結到 NLRB 的網站上,但發現現在連不上,先給這份好了:「09031d4583d765f7.pdf」。

裡面有兩個面向的判決,一個是競業的部分,另外一個是禁挖的部分。細節可以直接看原文,或是直接丟 Google Translate 或是叫 ChatGPT & Gemini 翻譯都可以。

競業條款的部分不算太意外,因為整個州政府與聯邦政府都在修法大幅限制企業在合約上面可以設定的競業條款,不再讓自由市場機制決定勞工的工作權益 (通常是弱勢方)。

禁挖條款的部分是這次看到覺得比較新鮮的,認定違法的原因與禁業的部分類似,都是以會影響勞工的工作權益而宣告違法。

這塊應該是進行式,這幾年應該還是可以看到不同的判決出現...

加州法院認為 Uber 與 Lyft 的司機是員工

先前在其他地區已經有很多判例了,這次會特別記錄下來是因為加州是 UberLyft 的總部:「Uber and Lyft ordered by California judge to classify drivers as employees」。

裡面有提到了去年九月加州政府通過了法案 (California Assembly Bill 5,簡稱 AB 5),把 ABC Test 放進法律,取代了之前的 Borello test,用來判斷聘顧關係 (是否為員工,或是獨立的合約關係):

Under the ABC test, a worker is considered an employee and not an independent contractor, unless the hiring entity satisfies all three of the following conditions:

  • The worker is free from the control and direction of the hiring entity in connection with the performance of the work, both under the contract for the performance of the work and in fact;
  • The worker performs work that is outside the usual course of the hiring entity’s business; and
  • The worker is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, or business of the same nature as that involved in the work performed.

現在需要這三點都成立才會認定為獨立的合約聘顧關係,雖然還有上訴的機會,但翻盤的機率應該不高,記得這個法案當初就是針對 Uber 跟 Lyft...

紐約市也將禁止雇主詢問薪資

去年麻州立法禁止雇主詢問前工作的薪資 (參考「麻州立法禁止詢問前一份工作的薪資」),而紐約市也要加入這個行列了:「New York City bans employers from asking potential workers about their past salary」。

New York City joined Massachusetts, Puerto Rico, and Philadelphia in banning employers from asking job applicants about their pay at current or past jobs after the city council passed the measure in a vote on Wednesday.