With EC2 Instance Connect, you can control SSH access to your instances using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) policies as well as audit connection requests with AWS CloudTrail events. In addition, you can leverage your existing SSH keys or further enhance your security posture by generating one-time use SSH keys each time an authorized user connects. Instance Connect works with any SSH client, or you can easily connect to your instances from a new browser-based SSH experience in the EC2 console.
除了記錄外，也包含了一些安全機制，像是可以選擇一次性的帳號... 跟先前的 Systems Manager 比起來，主要是能用習慣的 terminal software 還是比較爽？
AWS Direct Connect also launched its first site in Taiwan at Chief Telecom LY, Taipei. In the Management Console, Taipei is located in the Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region. With global access enabled for AWS Direct Connect, these sites can reach AWS resources in any global AWS region using global public VIFs and Direct Connect Gateway.
We are excited to announce support for 1G and 10G Link Aggregation Groups (LAG). Customers in AWS GovCloud (US), Europe (Frankfurt), Europe (London), Europe (Ireland), Asia Pacific (Tokyo), Asia Pacific (Singapore), Asia Pacific (Sydney) regions can start using LAG to link existing connections on the same AWS device, or request new connections.
Indeed, Netflix server domain names are too specific, i.e., including details on the physical location of the server. This makes it unlikely that redirection takes place based on these domain names. Additionally, we ran a distributed DNS lookup campaign from Planetlab nodes to verify our assumption that Netflix DNS names always resolve to a single IP address, independently of the client location.
另外也有用窮舉法去查：
We implemented a crawler, which generated DNS names following the pattern outlined above and attempted to resolve those generated domains names to IP addresses. The crawler was fed with lists of known countries, airport codes and ISPs. We curated these lists manually, consulting publicly available lists of countries and airport codes. For the ISPs, we conducted an extensive search on the Internet, including but not limited to the Netflix ISP Speed Index, Wikipedia, various ISP rankings or recommendation lists and discussions in web forums.
In total, our curated lists contained 243 countries, 3,468 airport codes and 1,728 ISP names. In total we tested 16 different network connection types.
不過也有發現到錯字：
The DNS names actually include a typo, the Carrasco International Airport in Uruguay is abbreviated MDV instead of MVD. We used the ISP names found to verify that what was really meant is the airport in Uruguay.
其中講到 2012 年的 Netflix Open Connect 中的 Open Connect Appliance (OCA，放伺服器到 ISP 機房的計畫) 只有單台伺服器 8Gbps，到現在 2016 可以達到 90Gbps：
As we mentioned in a recent company blog post, since the beginning of the Open Connect program we have significantly increased the efficiency of our OCAs - from delivering 8 Gbps of throughput from a single server in 2012 to over 90 Gbps from a single server in 2016.
早期的 Netflix 走 sendfile() 將影片丟出去，這在 kernel space 處理，所以很有效率：
Our changes in both the BoringSSL and ISA-L test situations significantly increased both CPU utilization and bandwidth over baseline - increasing performance by up to 30%, depending on the OCA hardware version.
We evaluated available and applicable ciphers and decided to primarily use the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher in Galois/Counter Mode (GCM), available starting in TLS 1.2. We chose AES-CGM over the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) method, which comes at a higher computational cost. The AES-GCM cipher algorithm encrypts and authenticates the message simultaneously - as opposed to AES-CBC, which requires an additional pass over the data to generate keyed-hash message authentication code (HMAC). CBC can still be used as a fallback for clients that cannot support the preferred method.
All revisions of Open Connect Appliances also have Intel CPUs that support AES-NI, the extension to the x86 instruction set designed to improve encryption and decryption performance. We needed to determine the best implementation of AES-GCM with the AES-NI instruction set, so we investigated alternatives to OpenSSL, including BoringSSL and the Intel Intelligent Storage Acceleration Library (ISA-L).
The main blocker to this easy migration was that Facebook’s private IP space conflicts with that of EC2. We had but one route: migrate to Amazon’s Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) first, followed by a subsequent migration to Facebook using Amazon Direct Connect. Amazon’s VPC offered the addressing flexibility necessary to avoid conflicts with Facebook’s private network.
To provide portability for our provisioning tools, all of the Instagram-specific software now runs inside of a Linux Container (LXC) on the servers in Facebook’s data centers.
