Tag: antitrust

在 Hacker News Daily 上翻的時候看到的大消息，歐盟通過了 Digital Markets Act (DMA) 與 Digital Services Act (DSA)：「EU Approves Landmark Legislation to Regulate Apple and Other Big Tech Firms」，這兩個法案會直接衝擊大企業壟斷的情況。

找了一下中文的資料，iThome 有報導：「歐洲議會通過《數位服務法》與《數位市場法》！傳訊服務必須互通，不得禁止使用者採用第三方App Store」。

其中 MacRumors 上的文章整理的蠻清楚的，DMA 包括了：

• Allow users to install apps from third-party app stores and sideload directly from the internet.
• Allow developers to offer third-party payment systems in apps and promote offers outside the gatekeeper's platforms.
• Allow developers to integrate their apps and digital services directly with those belonging to a gatekeeper. This includes making messaging, voice-calling, and video-calling services interoperable with third-party services upon request.
• Give developers access to any hardware feature, such as "near-field communication technology, secure elements and processors, authentication mechanisms, and the software used to control those technologies."
• Ensure that all apps are uninstallable and give users the ability to unsubscribe from core platform services under similar conditions to subscription.
• Give users the option to change the default voice assistant to a third-party option.
• Share data and metrics with developers and competitors, including marketing and advertising performance data.
• Set up an independent "compliance function" group to monitor its compliance with EU legislation with an independent senior manager and sufficient authority, resources, and access to management.
• Inform the European Commission of their mergers and acquisitions.

可以看出來除了最後兩項是針對 EU 的監管機制外，其他的包括了安裝來自第三方的軟體、可以使用第三方的付款系統、可以整合系統服務、可以整合硬體功能、可以使用第三方的語音工具、可以反安裝所有的 app 以及提供平台蒐集到的資料給開發者，都是針對現在 Apple 的 App Store 與 Google Play 所限制的條件。

另外 DMA 也禁止了這些行為：

• Pre-install certain software applications and require users to use any important default software services such as web browsers.
• Require app developers to use certain services or frameworks, including browser engines, payment systems, and identity providers, to be listed in app stores.
• Give their own products, apps, or services preferential treatment or rank them higher than those of others.
• Reuse private data collected during a service for the purposes of another service.
• Establish unfair conditions for business users.

而 DSA 的部份則是針對網路上的非法內容處理：

The Digital Services Act (DSA), which requires platforms to do more to police the internet for illegal content, has also been approved by the European Parliament.

其中 DMA 的生效日看起來會在 2023 年年中生效？應該是 六個月加上六個月...

Once formally adopted, the Act, which takes the legal form of a Regulation, will enter into force 20 days after publication in the EU Official Journal and will apply six months later. The designated gatekeepers will have a maximum of six months after the designation decision by the Commission to ensure compliance with the obligations laid down in the Digital Markets Act.

而 DSA 至少要到 2024 年才有機會會實施：

Once adopted, the DSA will be directly applicable across the EU and will apply fifteen months or from 1 January 2024, whichever later, after entry into force.

歐盟的市場夠大，這個應該會帶來足夠大的衝擊...