關於 PHP 的 require 與 include (以及 *_once)

本來以為寫過了,後來找了找沒找到...

星期五的時候跟 Gasol 聊了一下,後來查資料後整理出來。(主要是 include 的文件說明)

requireinclude 的差異在於找不到檔案時,include 會產生 warning,而 require 會產生 fatal error:

The include construct will emit a warning if it cannot find a file; this is different behavior from require, which will emit a fatal error.

而對 include_path 的處理則是「遇到有指定 path 時就忽略 include_path」,而對 require './foo.php' 的解讀是「relative to the current directory」:

If a path is defined — whether absolute (starting with a drive letter or \ on Windows, or / on Unix/Linux systems) or relative to the current directory (starting with . or ..) — the include_path will be ignored altogether. For example, if a filename begins with ../, the parser will look in the parent directory to find the requested file.

由於不是「檔案所在的路徑」而是「current directory」,會受到 chdir() 的影響。一般在程式碼內的基準應該是「這個 script 所在的路徑」,而非「current directory」,所以寫法應該是:

<?php
require __DIR__ . PATH_SEPARATOR . 'foo.php';

<?php
# 直接假設在 Mac OS X & Linux & FreeBSD 上跑...
require __DIR__ . '/foo.php';

而這種寫法就得依靠 include_path 內有 .,而且還要祈禱不會在其他的目錄裡出現同樣檔名:

<?php
require 'foo.php';

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