Totally insane, in the best possible way. The EC2 and Nitro teams have created virtualized versions of the oldest (pre-Nitro) instance types that run on more modern hardware using the original PV AMIs!
All of these innovations enable us to continue to offer many of our older instance types well past the lifetime of the original hardware. Starting in 2022, customers launching M1, M2, M3, C1, C3, R3, I2 and T1 instances will land on Nitro supported instances hardware and existing running instances will also be migrated.
CloudWatch RUM is available now and you can start using it today in ten AWS Regions: US East (N. Virginia), US East (Ohio), US West (Oregon), Europe (Ireland), Europe (London), Europe (Frankfurt), Europe (Stockholm), Asia Pacific (Sydney), Asia Pacific (Tokyo), and Asia Pacific (Singapore). You pay $1 for every 100K events that are collected.
功能上的競爭對手，可以想到 Datalog 有 RUM 產品，如果也是沒有 commit 的話是 US$0.65 (Per 1,000 sessions, per month)。
另外 New Relic 有 Browser Monitoring 的功能應該也是類似的東西，但價錢好像沒有單獨列出來。
In comparison to the Graviton2, the Graviton3 will deliver up to 25% more compute performance and up to twice as much floating point & cryptographic performance. On the machine learning side, Graviton3 includes support for bfloat16 data and will be able to deliver up to 3x better performance.
另外提到了 signed pointer，可以避免 stack 被搞，不過這邊需要 OS 與 compiler 的支援，算是針對 stack 類的攻擊提出的防禦方案：
Graviton3 processors also include a new pointer authentication feature that is designed to improve security. Before return addresses are pushed on to the stack, they are first signed with a secret key and additional context information, including the current value of the stack pointer. When the signed addresses are popped off the stack, they are validated before being used. An exception is raised if the address is not valid, thereby blocking attacks that work by overwriting the stack contents with the address of harmful code. We are working with operating system and compiler developers to add additional support for this feature, so please get in touch if this is of interest to you.
然後是使用 DDR5 的記憶體：
C7g instances will be available in multiple sizes (including bare metal), and are the first in the cloud industry to be equipped with DDR5 memory. In addition to drawing less power, this memory delivers 50% higher bandwidth than the DDR4 memory used in the current generation of EC2 instances.
In the case of an infrastructure failure, Amazon RDS performs an automatic failover to the standby, so that database operations resume as soon as the failover is complete.
現在則是開著的機器可以跑 readonly 模式：
The standby DB instances act as automatic failover targets and can also serve read traffic to increase throughput without needing to attach additional read replica DB instances.
The readable standby option for Amazon RDS Multi-AZ deployments works with AWS Graviton2 R6gd and M6gd DB instances (with NVMe-based SSD instance storage) and Provisioned IOPS Database Storage.
然後是支援的區域：
The Preview is available in the US East (N. Virginia), US West (Oregon), and Europe (Ireland) regions.
Amazon RDS for MySQL supports the Multi-AZ readable standby option for MySQL version 8.0.26. Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL supports the Multi-AZ readable standby option for PostgreSQL version 13.4.
單 CPU 的伺服器是四個 100Gbps 界面接出來，雙 CPU 的伺服器是八個 (這邊 SUT 是 system under test 的縮寫)：
These client systems were connected to the CDN servers using 100 GbE links through a switch; 4x100 GbE connections for the single-processor SUT, and 8x100 GbE for the dualprocessor SUT. Testing was done using Wrk, a widely recognized open-source HTTP(S) benchmarking tool.
在白皮書最後面也有提到測試的配置，都是在 Ubuntu 20.04 上面跑，單 CPU 用的是兩張 Intel 的 100Gbps 網卡，雙 CPU 的用的是四張 Mellanox 的 100Gbps 網卡：
3rd generation Intel Xeon Scalable testing done by Intel in September 2021. Single processor SUT configuration was based on the Supermicro SMC 110P-WTR-TNR single socket server based on Intel® Xeon® Platinum 8380 processor (microcode: 0xd000280) with 40 cores operating at 2.3 GHz. The server featured 256 GB of RAM. Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology was enabled, as was Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.0. Platform controller hub was the Intel C620. NUMA balancing was enabled. BIOS version was 1.1. Network connectivity was provided by two 100 GbE Intel® Ethernet Network Adapters E810. 1.2 TB of boot storage was available via an Intel SSD. Application storage totaled 3.84TB per drive and was provided by 8 Intel P5510 SSDs. The operating system was Ubuntu Linux release 20.04 LTS with kernel 5.4.0-80 generic. Compiler GCC was version 9.3.0. The workload was wrk/master (April 17, 2019), and the version of Varnish was varnishplus-6.0.8r3. Openssl v1.1.1h was also used. All traffic from clients to SUT was encrypted via TLS.
3rd generation Intel Xeon Scalable testing done by Intel in September 2021. Dual processor SUT configuration was based on the Supermicro SMC 22OU-TNR dual socket server based on Intel® Xeon® Platinum 8380 processor (microcode: 0xd000280) with 40 cores operating at 2.3 GHz. The server featured 256 GB of RAM. Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology was enabled, as was Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.0. Platform controller hub was the Intel C620. NUMA balancing was enabled. BIOS version was 1.1. Network connectivity was provided by four 100 GbE Mellanox MCX516A-CDAT adapters. 1.2 TB of boot storage was available via an Intel SSD. Application storage totaled 3.84TB per drive and was provided by 12 Intel P5510 SSDs. The operating system was Ubuntu Linux release 20.04 LTS with kernel 5.4.0-80- generic. Compiler GCC was version 9.3.0. The workload was wrk/master (April 17, 2019), and the version of Varnish was varnish-plus6.0.8r3. Openssl v1.1.1h was also used. All traffic from clients to SUT was encrypted via TLS.
Yes, stb_image saved us all from the pains of dealing with libpng and is therefore used in countless games and apps. A while ago I aimed to do the same for video with pl_mpeg, with some success.
作者的簡介也可以看到他的主業也在遊戲這塊：
My name is Dominic Szablewski. I build games, experiment with JavaScript and occasionally tinker with low-level C.
